Vitreoretinal interface abnormalities primarily encompass three types of conditions:
- Vitreomacular traction syndrome (VMTS)
- Idiopathic epiretinal membrane
- Idiopathic macular hole
The latter two conditions are discussed in the retinal diseases.
Vitreomacular traction syndrome (VMTS) occurs due to incomplete separation of the posterior vitreous cortex at the macular region, leading to abnormal adhesion and traction. This traction can cause the flattening of the fovea and may even result in cyst formation or macular displacement, leading to symptoms such as decreased visual acuity, visual distortion, or diplopia. Depending on the severity of the traction, VMTS can be classified into vitreomacular adhesion and vitreomacular traction. A shallow detachment in the macular area may also develop, which can be bilateral in some cases.
When the vitreous separates from the areas surrounding the fovea but remains attached to the macula within a radius of 3mm from the center of the fovea, and retinal abnormalities such as surface deformation of the fovea, changes in intraretinal structure, or central foveal elevation are observed, these changes may coincide with symptoms such as visual distortion or reduced vision. Vitrectomy can be performed to alleviate macular traction, which may lead to varying degrees of visual improvement or stabilization of vision.