To adapt to pregnancy, various symptoms related to the physiological changes of pregnancy may occur. The management principles primarily focus on symptomatic treatment.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms
During early pregnancy, symptoms such as nausea and morning vomiting may occur. In such cases, oral vitamin B6 at a dose of 10–20 mg per time, three times a day, can be utilized. For hyperemesis gravidarum, treatment follows the management specific to that condition.
Anemia
In the second half of pregnancy, the demand for iron increases significantly, making dietary supplementation insufficient. Iron supplementation is necessary. Pregnant women without anemia but with serum ferritin levels below 30 μg/L may take elemental iron at a dose of 60 mg/day. Pregnant women diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia require elemental iron supplementation of 100–200 mg/day.
Wrist Pain
Edema of tissues surrounding the carpal tunnel can compress the median nerve, resulting in pain, numbness, or deep piercing sensations in the palm, a condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome. This condition is self-limiting and resolves postpartum. For severe cases, symptomatic treatment or splint immobilization may be considered.
Low Back Pain
During pregnancy, joint ligaments loosen, and the enlarged uterus shifts forward, causing the body's center of gravity to move backward. Lumbar lordosis intensifies, and the back extensor muscles remain in a state of continuous tension, often causing mild back pain. For significant back pain, the underlying cause should be identified and addressed. Rest, local heat application, or medication may be implemented as needed.
Varicose Veins in the Lower Limbs and Vulva
In late pregnancy, prolonged standing should be avoided. Gradient compression stockings can be worn, and elevating the lower limbs during sleep can facilitate venous return. During delivery, precautions should be taken to prevent the rupture of varicose veins in the vulvar region.
Leg Muscle Cramps
Muscle cramps may indicate calcium deficiency in pregnant women. Calcium supplementation between 600–1,500 mg/day may be necessary.
Lower Limb Edema
Mild swelling of the ankles and lower legs often occurs during late pregnancy and resolves with rest, which is considered normal. However, persistent or severe edema unresponsive to rest may indicate gestational hypertension, kidney disease, or other comorbidities. The cause should be identified promptly and treated accordingly.
Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids commonly develop or worsen in late pregnancy due to the pressure of the enlarged uterus and increased intra-abdominal pressure, which impede venous return and elevate venous pressure in the hemorrhoidal veins, leading to varicosities. A diet rich in vegetables and low in spicy foods is recommended. In severe cases, laxatives may be used to soften the stool and address constipation.
Constipation
Reduced intestinal motility and tone during pregnancy, combined with decreased physical activity, can make constipation more likely. Developing a routine for regular bowel movements, drinking plenty of water, engaging in moderate physical activity, and consuming fiber-rich fresh fruits and vegetables can help. When necessary, fiber supplements and laxatives can be used, but the use of enemas should be approached with caution.
Supine Hypotensive Syndrome
In late pregnancy, prolonged supine positioning can result in the enlarged uterus compressing the inferior vena cava, reducing venous return and cardiac output, and causing hypotension. Transitioning to a side-lying position allows for unobstructed venous blood flow, quickly restoring blood pressure to normal levels.