Bladder exstrophy is a rare and challenging congenital disorder of the genitourinary system. It can be classified into three types: complete, partial, and occult. Complete bladder exstrophy is the most common form, characterized by a complete defect of the lower abdominal wall and anterior bladder wall, with the bladder mucosa exposed. The exposed mucosa is prone to bleeding, ulceration, degeneration, and may even develop malignancy, often accompanied by upper urinary tract infections and hydronephrosis. The protruded posterior bladder wall typically reveals the ureteral openings, along with intermittent urine flow. In male patients, complete epispadias often coexists with the condition. Diagnosis of bladder exstrophy can be made based on its distinctive appearance. The primary objectives of treatment include preserving renal function, achieving urinary control, reconstructing the bladder, abdominal wall, and external genitalia. The surgical approach is complex and frequently involves multiple procedures.
Figure 1 Bladder exstrophy (associated with epispadias)